教會歷史
18太遲了，太遲了

第18章：「太遲了，太遲了」，聖徒：耶穌基督的教會在後期時代的故事，第二冊，沒有不潔的手，1846-1893（2019）

第18章：「太遲了，太遲了」

第18章

太遲了，太遲了

圖像
棍子上的白旗

1857年夏季，約翰和卡爾·杜里斯在手推車隊伍中，與大約三百名斯堪地那維亞聖徒，一同前往錫安。1隊伍裡大多數的人是在五月抵達美國東部的。父親和妹妹們遷到錫安後，約翰仍留在挪威和丹麥宣講福音一段長時間；當他終於見到美國時，內心無比欣喜。2然而，他和同行的人上岸時，很快就得知帕雷·普瑞特被謀殺的事，以及一千五百人的軍隊正行軍前往猶他鎮壓聖徒。3

他們也聽說了手推車移民去年在路徑上死亡的事。如同百翰所預料的，在正常的情況下，手推車確實比傳統的篷車隊伍移動更快速、更省錢。已經來到鹽湖谷的五支手推車隊伍中，前三支隊伍在路上沒有遭遇重大事故。如果當初有更好的規劃，一些移民領袖也提出忠告的話，其他兩支隊伍原本也可以避免悲劇發生。為了防止更多的不幸事件發生，如今移民代理人會確保在派出每支手推車隊時，都讓他們有足夠的時間安抵鹽湖谷。4

八月下旬，約翰、卡爾和他們的隊伍行進時，與正在行軍前往猶他、武器和補給皆充裕的軍隊一度靠得很近。雖然許多人相信，這支軍隊想要征服和壓迫聖徒，但移民隊伍走在他們旁邊，並沒有遭到騷擾或傷害。5

一天，在距離鹽湖谷大約三百公里處，移民們在路徑上發現軍隊有一隻牛的腳受傷了。軍隊補給篷車的領袖說：「你們可以帶走這隻牛，我想你們可能需要一點肉。」

聖徒高興地收下這頭牲口。來自鹽湖谷的救援篷車應該已在路上，但尚未抵達。由於食物的來源短缺，聖徒將這些牛肉視為神的祝福。

手推車隊最後超前了軍隊。他們接近猶他時，約翰迫不及待地想要展開在他前面的重要事工。橫渡大西洋期間，他娶了一位挪威聖徒，名叫凱倫·范澄。他的哥哥卡爾在同一時間，也娶了另一位挪威聖徒，名叫艾倫·羅夫森。經過了這些年，在猶他的這幾位返鄉傳教士，終於有機會安定下來。他們八成會住在杜里斯家族的其餘成員附近，享受他們在錫安的新生活。6

然而，前方仍有著不確定的變數。軍隊士兵在路途上對聖徒很友善，一旦進入領地之後，他們還會這樣嗎？

1857年8月25日，猶他南部的印第安傳道部會長雅各·漢柏林，陪喬治A.·斯密回到鹽湖城。他們和一群印第安派尤特族的領袖北上。百翰知道，如果與軍隊爆發武力衝突，聖徒可以和派尤特族結盟，於是邀請這些領袖到城裡來商議。7雅各將在會議中擔任翻譯。8

在離鹽湖城大約還有一半路程的時候，這一小群人停下紮營，正好與一支移民篷車隊隔著一條小溪；這些移民主要來自美國南方的阿肯色州。日落之後，阿肯色州的隊伍中有幾個人來到營地，介紹他們自己。9

這支隊伍大約有140人，大多是年輕人，迫不及待要到加州去展開新生活。有的人已婚，帶著年幼的孩子同行。他們的領袖是亞歷山大·芬察和約翰·貝克。芬察隊長是天生的領袖，以正直和勇氣著稱，以前曾去過加州。他和妻子伊莉莎育有九名子女，全都在隊伍中。與貝克隊長同行的是他三位成年的子女，以及一位尚在襁褓中的孫子。

這支隊伍有騾子、馬和牛來拉動他們的篷車和馬車。他們此行也帶著數百頭長角牛，如果在路徑上把牛好好養壯，到達加州時就能賣掉賺錢。10

芬察隊長第一次前往加州的那段時期，經過猶他的南方路線上，還有許多空曠的放牧地和飲水處。後來，沿路的新屯墾區居民佔據了這些土地，因此大型篷車隊若沒有聖徒合作，很難餵養他們的牲口。如今，軍隊即將前來，許多聖徒開始對外人抱著猜疑和敵意，也遵守不把糧食賣給外人的忠告。11

聖徒的冷漠讓這支阿肯色州隊伍感到憂心。前方的路會通過美國一些最炎熱、最乾燥的地帶。如果沒有地方休息、取得補給，提供牲口牧草和飲水的話，這趟旅程會很難走下去。12

雅各·漢柏林告訴這支隊伍，沿途有哪些不錯的營地。最好的營地是一個青翠的山谷，就在他的牧場南方，有豐富的水和草可以餵養牛隻。那是一處寧靜的地方，稱為梅都斯山。13

幾天後，這支阿肯色州隊伍在鹽湖城南方四百公里的錫達城停留，在前往梅都斯山之前，購買一些補給品。錫達城是猶他南部最後一個大型屯墾區，也是聖徒鐵工業的大本營，但現在卻欲振乏力。這裡的居民貧窮，也相對孤立。14

這支移民隊伍在小鎮外面遇到一個人，願意賣給他們1300多公斤未碾磨的小麥。有些隊員把他們向印第安人購買的小麥和一些玉米，帶到當地主教菲力普·克林更斯經營的碾磨廠，菲力普會收取格外高昂的價錢來碾磨這些穀物。15

其他一些隊員則試圖在鎮上的商店採買。接下來到底發生了什麼事，至今沒有人清楚。幾年後，錫達城的屯墾居民回想起，當時店員沒有這些移民所需的物品，也可能是他不願出售。16一些人記得，這支隊伍中有少數隊員很生氣，揚言一旦軍隊抵達，就會幫助他們消滅聖徒。其他的屯墾居民說，隊伍中有個人宣稱，他持有殺害先知約瑟·斯密的槍枝。17

芬察隊長試著安撫這些憤怒的人。18但他們有些人顯然找到了鎮長以撒·海的家，大聲咆哮地威脅他。以撒同時也是支聯會會長，以及領地民兵團的一位少校。19以撒悄悄從後門溜走，找到了該鎮警長約翰·西比，並催促他逮捕這些人。

西比找上這些人，告訴他們，妨礙安寧和言語粗鄙在當地是違法的行為。那些人挑釁他，說他不敢逮捕他們，然後就離開了小鎮。20

那天稍晚，以撒·海和錫達城其他領袖，派人捎信給威廉·達姆，針對這群移民的事尋求建議；威廉是地區民兵團的指揮官，也是鄰近的巴羅瓦的支聯會會長。儘管這支移民隊伍絕大多數的人並未惹麻煩，也沒有人對任何居民造成人身傷害，但這些移民離開時，鎮上的人依然怒氣沖沖。有些人甚至開始策劃報復的事。

威廉在由教會及小鎮領袖參與的議會中傳達以撒的信息，他們研判，這支阿肯色州隊伍應該沒有惡意。威廉在一封信裡勸告以撒：「別理會他們的威脅。言語不過像風一樣，什麼人也傷不了。」21

以撒並不滿意，於是找上隔壁小鎮的一位後期聖徒約翰·李。約翰教當地的派尤特族如何耕種，與他們關係良好。他工作勤奮，熱切地想在南方這些屯墾區中展現自己的能力。22

以撒等待約翰到來的同時，與錫達城的其他領袖見面，提出他的報復計畫。梅都斯山南部通往加州的路上有一個狹窄的峽谷，派尤特族可以在那裡攻擊篷車隊，殺害部分或全部的人，搶走他們的牛隻。派尤特人一般來說是愛好和平的部族，而且部分族人已加入教會。但以撒相信，約翰能夠說服他們攻擊這支隊伍。23

約翰一到，以撒就告訴他移民的事，並重述那則謠言，說他們當中有個人炫耀自己持有殺害先知約瑟的槍枝。24以撒說：「除非有人出面阻止，否則這群移民就會將他們的威脅付諸實行，並掠奪南部每個邊遠屯墾區。」25

他要約翰說服派尤特族攻擊這支隊伍。他說：「如果他們能殺死這支隊伍部分或全部的人，那樣更好。」然而，不能有人知道是屯墾區的白人下令發動攻擊。

矛頭必須指向派尤特族。26

9月6號星期日下午，錫達城的領袖再度開會，討論目前在梅都斯山紮營的阿肯色州隊伍。議會中一些人相信，這支隊伍中的一名成員與約瑟和海侖·斯密的死脫不了關係，或是隊伍中一些人想要協助軍隊殺害聖徒，於是便支持這項計畫，要慫恿派尤特族攻擊移民隊伍。27

議會中其他的人力勸大家謹慎，很快地，有更多人表示對這項計畫持保留的態度。28懊惱的以撒從椅子上跳起來，生氣地衝出房間。議會也同時提議要派出快遞信差，尋求百翰·楊的建議。29但是到了星期一中午，仍未派出任何信差。

同一天，也就是9月7日，以撒收到了約翰·李的信息。那天早上，約翰和一群派尤特人在梅都斯山攻擊了移民。雖然派尤特族一開始不願參與，但約翰和當地其他領袖保證，如果他們參與此次攻擊，就會把搶來的東西送給他們作為獎賞。30

以撒聽到這消息時，感到一陣天旋地轉。根據當初的計畫，應該在阿肯色州隊伍離開梅都斯山之後攻擊，而不是之前。如今約翰回報，七位移民已遭殺害，另有十六人受傷。這群移民將篷車圍成一圈並反擊，殺了至少一名派尤特人。31

梅都斯山的圍攻行動進行時，以撒寫信給百翰·楊尋求建議。他回報說，派尤特族攻擊了一支篷車隊。他談到這些移民威脅錫達城的聖徒，但對於屯墾居民在此次攻擊中的策劃和執行角色，卻隻字未提。32

以撒將信交給民兵團的一位年輕團員雅各·哈斯蘭，命令他快馬加鞭直奔鹽湖城。33然後，他寫信給約翰，說：「你要全力阻止印第安人進犯移民，要保護他們不受傷害，直到獲得進一步命令。」34

那天晚上，以撒得知，約翰和派尤特族攻擊移民隊伍後，武裝的後期聖徒曾搜索這個地區，尋找隊伍中的兩位成員；這兩人當週稍早離開梅都斯山，想尋回走失的牛。聖徒發現那兩位移民後，射殺了其中一人。另一位移民逃走後，回到隊伍的營地，而且他知道是兩個白人男子攻擊他。

即使這群移民先前並不知道，後期聖徒參與了攻擊他們營地的行動，現在他們知道了。35

兩天後，即9月9日，以撒與剛從包圍行動返回的警長約翰·西比見面。36自從最初的殺戮之後，約翰·李就領導過幾次小規模的攻擊，進犯移民隊伍。37西比很清楚，移民終將耗盡飲水和補給品。但是，或許就在接下來幾天內，會有更多篷車隊伍經過這個地區，發現聖徒在這次攻擊中扮演的角色。38

為了隱藏屯墾居民參與的事實，以撒和西比決定，當地民兵團必須將圍攻行動做個了結。移民隊伍中凡是能指認出攻擊者的人，都不能留活口。39

會議之後，以撒前往巴羅瓦，想要取得威廉·達姆的許可，命令民兵團攻擊這群移民。威廉和他的議會依然相信，這些移民是印第安人攻擊下的受害者，便想派遣民兵團去梅都斯山保護這支隊伍，幫助他們繼續上路。40

然而，以撒與威廉私下會面時，承認後期聖徒參與了攻擊，而且這些移民也發現了這件事。他說，如今唯一的選擇就是，年紀夠大，能作證、指認屯墾居民的倖存者，都要滅口。41

威廉思考他的話之後，捨棄了議會的決定，授權進行攻擊。42

隔天，也就是9月10日，百翰·楊在鹽湖城與雅各·漢柏林見面，了解派尤特族儲存食物的方法。百翰想要知道，軍隊抵達時，若聖徒必須逃到山區，該如何在崎嶇的地區活下去。43

但是軍隊構成的威脅，似乎已不如聖徒起初想像的那麼大。一位軍隊代表最近來到城裡，表示士兵們無意傷害聖徒。此外，軍隊裡大多數人看來也無法在冬天以前抵達這個地區。44

百翰和雅各·漢柏林談話時，來自錫達城的信差雅各·哈斯蘭打斷了他們的會議，帶來梅都斯山包圍行動的消息。45百翰讀了信函，然後看著這位信差。雅各在三天內幾乎不眠不休地騎了四百公里。百翰明瞭這件事絲毫耽擱不得，就問他是否能將自己的回覆帶回錫達城，他說他能辦到。46

百翰要他先睡一會兒，再將回函帶回去。47雅各·哈斯蘭離開後，百翰寫下了他的回覆。他指示說：「關於移民隊伍通過我們的屯墾區一事，除非他們先受到通知不得靠近，否則不可干涉他們，也不可騷擾他們。至於印第安人，就讓他們做自己喜歡的事吧，不過你應盡力與他們保持善意。」

百翰強調：「要讓他們平安離去。」48

一個小時後，百翰將信交給雅各，與他一同走到辦公室外栓馬的柱子旁。他說：「哈斯蘭弟兄，我要你拼命騎回去。」49

雖然鹽湖城的聖徒不再認為軍隊會在那一季侵入他們的街道，但猶他南部的聖徒仍不知道軍隊已表明會和睦相處，也不知道百翰已指示他們不要干涉移民車隊。錫達城的聖徒依舊相信軍隊意圖毀滅他們。

一個多星期以來，鎮上的婦女看著自己家中的男丁對這些阿肯色州的移民越來越感到不安。男子會在外待到深夜，舉行議會，並且策劃要如何處理這個情況。如今，民兵團正行軍前往梅都斯山。50

9月10日下午，婦女們聚集參加每月的慈助會聚會。移民們經過錫達城時，讓一些婦女覺得受到威脅。其中幾個人的丈夫參與了上週發生的事件，包括安娜貝拉·海和漢娜·克林更斯的丈夫在內。51

安娜貝拉告訴這些婦女：「此時正是狂風驟雨的時刻，我們每個人私底下都應該為我們的丈夫、兒子、父親和兄弟祈禱。」

慈助會會長莉蒂雅·霍普金斯也同意，她說：「一定要不斷在私下為那些在外保護我們的弟兄祈禱。」接著，她和她的諮理們教導這些婦女，並安排幾位成員造訪城內各地的其他婦女。

聚會結束前，她們唱聖詩。

悔改，脫離罪而被滌淨，

你將贏得生命的冠冕；

因為我們追求的日子已近。52

與此同時，在梅都斯山，來自錫達城及鄰近其他屯墾區的六七十位民兵，在雅各·漢柏林的牧場與約翰·李會合；而雅各·漢柏林尚未自鹽湖城返回。53有幾位民兵是青少年，但大多數是二三十歲的人。54他們有些人抵達時，以為是要來此地埋葬死者。55

晚上，約翰·西比、約翰·李、菲力普·克林更斯和其他領袖，與民兵一同研究攻擊計畫。他們一一同意了這項計畫，相信若放走這支阿肯色州隊伍，教會的敵人將知道此次圍攻的真相。56

隔天，9月11日早晨，二十三歲的尼腓·詹森在山丘頂上俯瞰梅都斯山。他能說流利的派尤特語，因此奉命在這次的攻擊行動中帶領印第安人。尼腓想先等得到百翰·楊的消息後再行動，但民兵團堅持要立刻攻擊。尼腓相信，除了合作以外，他別無選擇。57

他看著民兵團的一位中士舉起休戰的白旗，在移民隊伍的路障外，與他們其中一人見面，並自願為倖存者提供協助。移民接受這項提議之後，約翰·李便走向路障，交涉援助事宜。他指示移民隊伍把槍枝藏在篷車裡，將牛隻和物品留給派尤特族，作為禮物。58

約翰吩咐移民們跟著他。載著病人、傷患和幼兒的兩台篷車領著路，後面跟著一列婦女和較大的兒童。年紀較大的男孩和男人隔著一段距離在後面走著，每個人身旁都有一位武裝民兵。一些男女手上抱著年幼的孩童。59

尼腓知道接下來會發生什麼事。移民會往漢柏林牧場走去，在某個時刻，西比會給出暗號，要每個民兵轉身，射殺身旁的移民。接著，尼腓會命令派尤特族攻擊。60

很快地，約翰·李和移民從尼腓和派尤特族躲藏處的下方經過。尼腓等待西比的暗號，卻始終等不到。困惑的派尤特族急著趕上隊伍的腳步，難以繼續躲藏下去。61終於，西比將他的坐騎調頭，面向民兵團。

他大喊：「停下來！」62

民兵們聽到西比的暗號時，大多數人都將槍枝轉向這些男人和男孩，立刻射殺。一聲震耳欲聾的槍響，似乎在梅都斯山迴盪著，而槍的硝煙則是籠罩著這些移民。63尼腓示意要派尤特族攻擊，他們便從躲藏的位置迅速起身，朝著距離最近的移民開火。64

僥倖躲過第一波子彈攻勢的移民，紛紛逃命。西比和其他騎馬的人截斷他們的去路，此時地面上的攻擊者則是追逐、屠殺他們，僅僅放過一些最年幼的孩童。65約翰·李待在傷病者的篷車旁，確保無人能活著說出這件事。66

事發之後，惡臭的血腥味和火藥味籠罩整座梅都斯山。從四天前的第一次攻擊開始，共有120多位移民遭到殺害。當一些攻擊者洗劫死者的財物時，菲力普·克林更斯將十七名年幼的兒童集合起來，載到漢柏林牧場。雅各·漢柏林的妻子瑞秋見到這群不停哭泣、滿身是血的兒童，她的心都碎了。其中一位最年幼的兒童是個一歲的女孩，她的手臂中彈了。67

約翰·李想要將這位受傷的女孩與她兩個姊姊分開，但瑞秋勸他讓她們待在一起。68那天晚上，瑞秋在照顧這群極度悲痛的孩子時，約翰在戶外鋪了臨時的床，倒頭睡覺。69

隔天一大早，以撒·海和威廉·達姆抵達漢柏林牧場。圍攻行動開始以後，這是他們兩人第一次來到梅都斯山。70當威廉得知遇害的人有多少時，相當震驚。他說：「我必須向持有權柄人員回報這件事。」

以撒說：「這樣好將你自己和其他人都拖下水，是嗎？若不是你下令，也不會發生這種事。」71

後來，約翰·李帶他們兩人到大屠殺的現場，只見殺戮的跡象處處皆是，而一些人正將屍體埋進淺鑿的墳墓裡。72

威廉臉色蒼白，說：「我以為沒有這麼多婦女和小孩。」73

以撒語帶憤怒地對約翰說：「達姆上校建議、命令我做這件事，現在他想推得一乾二淨，要我一肩扛起。他多少該像個男子漢，敢做敢當。」

威廉說：「以撒，我不曉得有這麼多婦女和小孩。」

以撒說：「現在說什麼都於事無補。」74

後來，死者被埋葬之後，菲力普·克林更斯和以撒告訴民兵，不得透露他們參與了這場大屠殺。75被派去鹽湖城的信差雅各·哈斯蘭不久後回來，帶回百翰·楊的指示，要他們讓篷車隊平安離去。

以撒開始流淚哭泣，76說：「太遲了，太遲了。」77

  1. Liljenquist, Autobiography, [9]; Dorius, “Sketch of the Life,” 47; Christian Christiansen Company (1857) list, Pioneer Database, history.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/overlandtravel/companies.

  2. Dorius, “Sketch of the Life,” 6–7, 11–12, 46, 49; see also Ole Nielsen Liljenquist, “Biografiske Skizzer,” Morgenstjernen, Mar. 1833, 40.

  3. Matthias Cowley to Orson Pratt, June 1, 1857, Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star, July 11, 1857, 19:446; Liljenquist, Autobiography, [9]; Frantzen, Reminiscence and Journal, 33.

  4. Dorius, “Autobiography of Carl Christian Nicoli Dorius,” 19–21.主題：手推車隊

  5. Christensen, “Reminiscence,” in Jensen, “By Handcart to Utah,” 337, 343–44; Liljenquist, Autobiography, [9]; Benson, “Recollections,” 3–4; Frantzen, Reminiscence and Journal, 37–39; Tanner, Biographical Sketch of James Jensen, 23–40; Carl Dorius, Biographical Sketch, 2.

  6. Dorius, “Sketch of the Life,” 46, 49–50, 52; Carl Dorius, Biographical Sketch, 2–3; Dorius, “Autobiography of Carl Christian Nicoli Dorius,” 19–21.有些紀錄用「凱雅」作為「凱倫」的別名。

  7. Brigham Young to Jacob Hamblin, Aug. 4, 1857, Letterbook, volume 3, 737–38, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; Hamblin, Journal, 37–38; Jacob Hamblin, Deposition, Nov. 28, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; Historical Department, Office Journal, Aug. 25, 1857; Huntington, Journal, Sept. 1, 1857.

  8. See Little, Jacob Hamblin, 31; and Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 10.

  9. George A. Smith to Md.St. Clair, Nov. 25, 1869, Historian’s Office, Letterpress Copybook, volume 2, 941–43; George A. Smith, Statement, [Nov. 1896], George A. Smith, Papers, CHL; see also Eleanor J. Pratt to “Brother Snow,” May 14, 1857, CHL.

  10. Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 76–83, 104–5, 244–49, 251–54; Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 4, 6; see also Hamblin, Journal, 38–40; and Little, Jacob Hamblin, 45.

  11. Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 80, 105–13; see also Provo Utah Central Stake, General Minutes, Aug. 16, 1857, volume 10, 907–8; “Late Horrible Massacre,” Los Angeles Star, Oct. 17, 1857, [2]; and Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 148–51.

  12. George A. Smith to Md.St. Clair, Nov. 25, 1869, Historian’s Office, Letterpress Copybook, volume 2, 941–43; George A. Smith, Incidents Connected with the Mountain Meadows Massacre, [Nov. 1869], George A. Smith, Papers, CHL; Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 6; see also Parker, Recollections of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, 11.

  13. Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 6; Silas Smith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 5:229; Jacob Hamblin, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:92.

  14. Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 129–32; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Rogerson, Shorthand of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 2:19; Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:2, 58–59; “History of Mormonism,” Corinne Reporter, July 22, 1871, [2]; see also Shirts and Shirts, Trial Furnace, 372–87.

  15. “History of Mormonism,” Corinne Reporter, July 22, 1871, [2]; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Rogerson, Shorthand of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 2:19; Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:58–59; Bowering, Journal, fall 1857, 230; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 132; Krenkel, Life and Times of Joseph Fish, 57.

  16. “Christopher J. Arthur, Field Notes”; “Christopher J. Arthur, Prepared Report,” Jan. 26, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 80, 82; Parowan Stake, Historical Record, Aug. 9, 1857, 22–23; see also Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 231; Plat of Cedar City, Oct. 1852, Historian’s Office, Collected Historical Documents, CHL; and Shirts and Shirts, Trial Furnace, 289–96.

  17. Krenkel, Life and Times of Joseph Fish, 57–58; Bowering, Journal, fall 1857, 230; “Christopher J. Arthur, Field Notes”; “Christopher J. Arthur, Prepared Report,” Jan. 26, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 80, 82; Charles Willden, Affidavit, Feb. 18, 1882; Elias Morris, Statement, Feb. 2, 1892, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 93–94, 132–33.

  18. “Nephi Johnson, Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 328.

  19. Annie Hoge, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 4:26–27.

  20. “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; “Christopher J. Arthur, Prepared Report,” Jan. 26, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 82–83; see also “An Act in relation to Profanity and Drunkenness,” Acts, Resolutions, and Memorials … of the Territory of Utah, 89.

  21. James H. Martineau to Susan, May 3, 1876, James H. Martineau Collection, CHL; John Chatterly to Andrew Jenson, Sept. 18, 1919, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 278; Martineau, “Mountain Meadow Catastrophy,” [2]; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 55–56, 134–36, 256.

  22. “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; John D. Lee to Brigham Young, May 23, 1856, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 59–67, 136, 139–40.

  23. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 219–20; “Ellott Willden, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 213–14; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 64–65; see also Knack, Boundaries Between, 2; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 137–45.

  24. “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 218–20; see also “Daniel S. Macfarlane, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 109.

  25. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 218, 219; see also “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 253.Quotation edited for readability; original source has “Haight said that unless something was done to prevent it, the emigrants would carry out their threats and rob every one of the out-lying settlements in the South.”

  26. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 219–20.Quotation edited for readability; “killed” in original changed to “kill.”

  27. Laban Morrill, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:3–4, 6, 9; Sudweeks, “Life of Laban Morrill,” 1, 8–9; “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 254.

  28. Laban Morrill, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:4, 6, 9, 10–11; Laban Morrill, Testimony, in Patterson, Shorthand Notes of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 2:[20]–[21]; Sudweeks, “Life of Laban Morrill,” 8; “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 254; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:4–5.

  29. Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:4–5; Sudweeks, “Life of Laban Morrill,” 8–9; Laban Morrill, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:6–8; “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 254.

  30. Laban Morrill, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:6, 8–10; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 145–48, 157–62.

  31. “Ellott Willden, Prepared Report”; “Ellott Willden, ‘Additional’ Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 213–15, 222; Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 8; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 226–27; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; see also Joseph Clewes, “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, Apr. 5, 1877, [4]; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 158–62.

  32. Jacob Hamblin to Brigham Young, Nov. 13, 1871; Jacob Hamblin, Deposition, Nov. 28, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; James Haslam, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:12; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 162–64.

  33. James Holt Haslam, Testimony, Dec. 4, 1884, [2], in “John D. Lee: Miscellaneous Papers pertaining to His Trials, Guilt, and Death,” 1911, box 1, folder 18, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; James Haslam, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:12; Muster Roll of Company D, 2nd Battalion, in Iron Military District, Muster Rolls, 1856–57, Utah Division of Archives and Records Service, Territorial Militia Records, 1849–77, Utah State Archives and Records Service, Salt Lake City.

  34. Joseph Clewes, “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” Salt Lake Daily Herald, Apr. 5, 1877, [4].

  35. “Ellott Willden, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 213, 216–18; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 159–60, 164.

  36. “Bull Valley Snort,” Statement, Feb. 1894, John M. Higbee Information, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; “Ellott Willden, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 211; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 173–74.

  37. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 328; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 169–70; see also “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3.

  38. Martineau, “Mountain Meadow Catastrophy,” [2]; Whitney, History of Utah, 1:700–701; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 240; see also “Late Horrible Massacre,” Los Angeles Star, Oct. 17, 1857, [2]; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 174, 178–79.

  39. “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; J. H. Beadle, “Interview with Jno. D. Lee of Mountain Meadows Notoriety,” Salt Lake Daily Tribune, July 29, 1872, [2]; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:82; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1909,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 329; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 172–74.

  40. “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892; “William Barton, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 67–69, 254–55.

  41. [Josiah Rogerson], “Review of John D. Lee’s Life and Confessions,” 21–22, in “John D. Lee: Miscellaneous Papers pertaining to His Trials, Guilt, and Death,” 1911, box 1, folder 19, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; “Daniel S. Macfarlane, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 110–11; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 177–79.一些來源指出，以利亞·莫里斯出席了以撒·海和威廉·達姆的會議。

  42. Jacob Hamblin to Brigham Young, Nov. 13, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; “Daniel S. Macfarlane, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 110–11; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 178–79.

  43. Jacob Hamblin, Deposition, Nov. 28, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; see also Jacob Hamblin to Brigham Young, Nov. 13, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.

  44. Brigham Young to Isaac Haight, Sept. 10, 1857; Brigham Young to Orson Pratt Sr., Sept. 12, 1857, Letterbook, volume 3, 827, 844–48, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL; see also Young, Office Journal, Sept. 8–10, 1857.

  45. Jacob Hamblin, Deposition, Nov. 28, 1871, President’s Office Files, 1843–77, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.

  46. James Holt Haslam, Testimony, Dec. 4, 1884, [2]–[5], in “John D. Lee: Miscellaneous Papers pertaining to His Trials, Guilt, and Death,” 1911, box 1, folder 18, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 181–83.

  47. James Holt Haslam, Testimony, Dec. 4, 1884, [5], in “John D. Lee: Miscellaneous Papers pertaining to His Trials, Guilt, and Death,” 1911, box 1, folder 18, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; James Haslam, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:12.

  48. Brigham Young to Isaac Haight, Sept. 10, 1857, Letterbook, volume 3, 827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.

  49. Historical Department, Office Journal, Sept. 10, 1857; Hamilton G. Park, Affidavit, Oct. 1907, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL; see also James Haslam, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:12.

  50. Cedar City Ward, Relief Society Minute Book, Sept. 10, 1857, in Derr and others, First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 229–30.

  51. See “Elias Morris, Prepared Report—Andrew Jenson Copy,” Feb. 2, 1892, in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 253; Cedar City Ward, Relief Society Minute Book, Sept. 10, 1857, in Derr and others, First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 229–30; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 134–35.

  52. Cedar City Ward, Relief Society Minute Book, Sept. 10, 1857, in Derr and others, First Fifty Years of Relief Society, 23–31; Songs of Zion (Publication place and publisher unidentified, [1853]), in John Freeman, Songbook, circa 1849, CHL.

  53. Philip Klingensmith, Testimony; Samuel Pollock, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:7–8, 4:68, 5:182; “Daniel S. Macfarlane, Prepared Report”; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 112, 329; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 158–59, 179, 190; appendix C, 255–64.

  54. See Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, appendix C, 255–64.

  55. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 330; see also “Daniel S. Macfarlane, Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 111; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 179.

  56. Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 187–89.

  57. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908”; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1909,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 328–30, 332; Nephi Johnson, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:76–77; Nephi Johnson to A. H. Lund, Mar. 1910, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, CHL.

  58. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 329–30; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 238–40; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; James Lynch, Affidavit, [May 1859], in Turley, Johnson, and Carruth, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 1:247.

  59. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908”; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1909,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 329–30, 333; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 240; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; Samuel McMurdy, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:35–36; Joel White, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:126; “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” Daily Arkansas Gazette, Sept. 1, 1875, [3]; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 196–97, 202–5.

  60. Nephi Johnson, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:76–77; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 238, 240; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1909,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 333; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; see also “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 329–30.

  61. “Ellott Willden, Bancroft Corrections—Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 156–58; see also Whitney, History of Utah, 1:706.

  62. Philip Klingensmith, Testimony; Joel White, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:81–82, 126–27; Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 199.

  63. “Ellott Willden, Bancroft Corrections—Prepared Report”; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1909,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 158, 333; Jacob Hamblin, Testimony, in Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 9; Samuel Pollock, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 5:196; see also “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 3; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 200.

  64. “Ellott Willden, Bancroft Corrections—Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 158–59; Albert Hamblin, Testimony, in Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 14; William Young, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 4:53, 5:210–11.

  65. “Ellott Willden, Bancroft Corrections—Prepared Report,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 158–59; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:15, 17–18; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Rogerson, Shorthand of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 2:27; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, U.S. v. John D. Lee (1875), in Patterson, Shorthand Notes of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:[2]–[3]; “Ellott Willden, Field Notes,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 202.

  66. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 241–42; “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 330.

  67. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 330; Philip Klingensmith, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s First Trial, 3:85; Rachel Hamblin, Testimony; Albert Hamblin, Testimony, in Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 11–12, 14; see also Jacob Hamblin, Testimony, in Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 7–8; and Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 200, 208–9, 214–15, 246.

  68. Rachel Hamblin, Testimony, in Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 11–12.

  69. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 245; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 4.

  70. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 245; “Ellott Willden, Bancroft Corrections—Field Notes,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 144; see also “John H. Henderson, Field Notes,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 76.

  71. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 246; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 4.

  72. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 245–47; Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, 29.

  73. “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, Mar. 24, 1877, 4; Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 246.Quotation edited for readability; “was” in original changed to “were.”

  74. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 246–47.

  75. Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 247–48; Nephi Johnson, Testimony, in Boreman, Transcript of John D. Lee’s Second Trial, 1:77–79; see also Walker, Turley, and Leonard, Massacre at Mountain Meadows, 215–16.

  76. “Nephi Johnson Affidavit, July 22, 1908,” in Turley and Walker, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 330; Brigham Young to Isaac Haight, Sept. 10, 1857, Letterbook, volume 3, 827–28, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.

  77. James Haslam, Interview by Scipio A. Kenner, Dec. 4, 1884, in Turley, Johnson, and Carruth, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 2:894.主題：梅都斯山大屠殺