Nhoroondo yeChechi
Jane Elizabeth Manning James

“Jane Elizabeth Manning James,” Misoro yeNyaya yeNhoroondo yeChechi

“Jane Elizabeth Manning James”

Jane Elizabeth Manning James

Jane Elizabeth Manning (zvingangova 1822–1908) aiva mumwe wevana vashanu vakazvarwa kumurume nemukadzi vechiAfrican American avo vaiva vasisiri nhapwa muConnecticut panguva apo vanhu vatema vakawanda muUnited States pavaiva nhapwa.1 Semunhu mukuru wechidiki, akapinda Chechi yeNew Canaan Congregational muna 1841, asi mushure memwedzi 18, muchando cha1842–43, iye nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri dzakati wandei vakabhabhatidzwa muChechi yaJesu Kristu yaVatendi vaMazuva Ekupedzisira. Jane nevamwe vemhuri yake nenguva pfupi vakava nechido chokubatana neVatendi muNauvoo, saka vakafamba kubva kuConnecticut kuenda kuNew York, vachironga kufamba zvose nezvikepe zvinofambiswa nemweya wemvura inovira uye nezvinofamba munzizi nhete dzakagadzirwa nevanhu. Zvisinei, vakarambidzwa kukwira muzvikepe izvi nokuda kwerudzi rwavo, saka vakafamba netsoka kwamamaira 800 (makiromita 1287,48) akanga asara. MuPeoria, Illinois, vatungamiri vemunzvimbo vakabvunzurudza mhuri yekwaMannings nokuda kwekuti vaifungidzira kuti vaiva nhapwa dzakanga dzatiza uye vakavamanikidza kuti vavape magwaro aitaridza rusununguko rwavo. Rusaruro nokuda kwerudzi chakava chimhinga mupinyi icho Jane chaaizotarisana nacho upenyu hwake hwose.

Mufananidzo
pikicha yemufananidzo waJane Manning James

Portrait of Jane Manning James (Mufananidzo waJane Manning James).

Wakawanikwa kubva kuChurch History Library and Archives

Apo paakanga ava muNauvoo, Jane akakurumidza kuvaka ushamwari naJoseph naEmma Smith. Akagara navo uye akashanda mumba mavo. Pane imwe nguva, Emma akakoka Jane kuti vamutore semwana wavo mumhuri yekwaSmith kuburikidza nekusunganidza kwehupirisita.2 Jane akaramba, nokuti akanga asinganzwisisi tsika itsva iyo yaaiva asingazivi nezvayo, asi aitenda zvakasimba mubasa rehuporofita raJoseph. “Ndaiziva Muporofita Joseph,” akazopupura pashure. “Aiva ari murume akanakisisa wandakanga ndati ndamboona panyika. … Ndaiva nechokwadi kuti aiva muporofita nokuti ndaizviziva.”3

Kuburikidza nehurukuro naJoseph uye naamai vake, Lucy Mack Smith, Jane akaziva zvimwe zvakawanda pamusoro peBhuku raMormoni uye dudziro yaro uye akawana nzwisiso neremekedzo yezvisungo zvemutemberi.

Jane akachata naIsaac James, uyo aiva ari munhu mutema akasunguka uye aiva mutendeukiri kuChechi aibva kuNew Jersey. Ivo, pamwepo nemwanakomana waJane Sylvester, vakabva muNauvoo muna 1846 kuti vaende kumadokero neVatendi. Muna Chikumi wegore iroro, mwanakomana waJane naIsaac ainzi Silas akazvarwa. Gore rakatevera mhuri iyi yakayambuka mapani, ichisvika muNhika yeSalt Lake muMasutso a1847. Isaac naJane vakaita vamwe vana vatanhatu, asi vaviri vavo chete ndivo vaiva vachiri vapenyu pakazofa Jane. Sezvaiitwa nevamwe vagari vokutanga muNhika yeSalt Lake, Jane naIsaac vakashanda nesimba kuti variritire mhuri yavo. Isaac aishanda semushandi webasa ramaoko uye nguva nenguva semuchairi wemabhiza echikochikari waBrigham Young, uye Jane airuka micheka, nokusona mbatya, uye aiwacha mbatya dzevanhu, sezvaakanga achiita muNauvoo.

Kusawirirana mumuchato kwakaita kuti Isaac naJane varambane muna 1870. Jane pashure akazochata kwenguva pfupi yemakore maviri nemumwe aimbova nhapwa ainzi Frank Perkins, asi mushure memuchato uyu akaenderera mberi noupenyu semubereki asina murume uye sambuya. Kushomeka kwemari uye kufa kwevana vake vatutu zvakakonzera kuti Jane adzokera kubasa. Aigadzira nokutengesa sipo, apo vaviri vevanakomana vake vaiitira vanhu mabasa amaoko. Muna 1890, mushure mamakore 20 ari kumwe, Isaac akadzokera kuSalt Lake City, akavandudza unhengo hwake muChechi, uye akaumba ukama hwakanaka naJane. Apo paakazofa mushure megore, munamato werufu rwake wakaitirwa mumba maJane.

Nemuzvinetso zvose zveupenyu hwake, Jane akaramba akavimbika kurutendo rwake muzvidzidziso zvevhangeri uye aikoshesa unhengo hwake muChechi. Akapa mari kuruvako rwetemberi uye akatora chinhanho muChita cheRubatsiro uye muChita cheMadzimai eChidiki cheMashandisirwo Akanaka eZvemari.4 Jane akava nezviitiko zvizhinji zvezvipo zveMweya, kusanganisira zviratidzo, zviroto, kuporeswa nerutendo, uye kutaura nendimi. “Rutendo rwangu muVhangeri raJesu Kristu,” akanyora pashure muupenyu hwake, “rwakasimba nhasi, kana kuti, kana zvichibvira rwakanyanya kusimba kupfuura zvarwaiva pazuva randakabhabhatidzwa.”5

Pakati pa1884 na1904, nguva nenguva Jane ainyorera vatungamiri veChechi—John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, Zina d. H. Young, uye Joseph F. Smith—achitsvaka bvumiro yokugamuchira endaumendi yake yemutemberi uye yokuti asunganidzwe.6 Panguva iyoyo, varume namadzimai echitema eVatendi vaMazuva Ekupedzisira vaiva vasingabvumidzwi kutora chinhanho muzvisungo zvetemberi zvizhinji. Muna 1888, mutungamiri wesiteki Angus M. Cannon akabvumidza Jane kuita rubhabhatidzo rwehama dzake dzakafa.7 Vatungamiri veChechi pokupedzisira vakamubvumidza kuti asunganidzwe akamirirwa nemumwe kumhuri yaJoseph Smith semuranda muna 1894, chiitiko chaiva chisingawanzoitika. Kunyangwe zvazvo asina kugamuchira endaumendi yemutemberi kana kusunganidzwa kumhuri munguva yeupenyu hwake, zvisungo izvi zvakaitwa muchinzvimbo chake muna 1979.8

Akafa musi was April 16, 1908, pazera remakore 95, ari Mutendi waMazuva Ekupedzisira akatendeka nguva dzose. Bepanhau rinonzi Deseret News rakarondedzera richiti, “Vashoma vakazikanwa nokuda kwerutendo uye kutendeka kupinda kuzikanwa kwaitwa Jane Manning James, uye kunyangwe zvazvo aiva asina zvizhinji pasi pano aiva neshamwari nevazivikanwi mazana nemazana.”9

Zvinyorwa

  1. Amai vaJane vakanga vatorwa senhapwa asi vakasunungurwa nemutemo weConnecticut werusununguro rwaiitwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Jane akazvarwa akasununguka, asi utapwa hwaiva pamutemo mudunhu kusvikira Jane abudamo. Kuwana zvizhinji pamusoro peupenyu hwaJane, ona Henry J Wolfinger, “A Test of Faith: Jane Elizabeth Manning James and the Origins of the Utah Black Community,” muClark Knowlton, ed., Social Accommodation in Utah (Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1975), 126–75 uye Quincy D. Newell, “The Autobiography and Interview of Jane Elizabeth Manning James,” Journal of Africana Religions, vol. 1, no. 2 (2013), 251–91.

  2. Tsamba yaZina D. H. Young kuna Joseph F. Smith, Jan. 15, 1894, Raibhurari yeNhoroondo yeChechi Library, Salt Lake City.

  3. “‘Aunt’ Jane James,” muna “Joseph Smith, the Prophet,” Young Woman’s Journal, vol. 16, no. 12 (Dec. 1905), 551, 553.

  4. Eighth Ward Relief Society Minutes and Records, 1867–1969, Eighth Ward, Liberty Stake, Nyamavhuvhu 20, 1874; Gumiguru 20, 1874; Zvita 21, 1874; Ndira 20, 1875; Kurume 22, 1875; Chivabvu 20, 1875; Mbudzi 20, 1875, vol. 1, Raibhurari yeNhoroondo yeChechi, Salt Lake City [Jane aishandisa zita rokupedzisira rokuti Perkins kwechinguva chipfupi]; “Ladies Semi-monthly Meeting,” Woman’s Exponent, vol. 22, no. 9 (Zvita 1, 1893), 66. Jane akapa mari yeruvako rweTemberi dzeSt. George, Logan, uye Manti, uye akapa kuHushumiri hweLamanite (Indian). Ona Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, “Jane Manning James,” Ensign, Nyamavhuvhu 1979, 29.

  5. Jane Elizabeth Manning James autobiography, zvingangova 1902, rakataurwa kuna Elizabeth J. D. Roundy iye achinyora pasi, Raibhurari yeNhoroondo yeChechi, Salt Lake City, 22.

  6. Tsamba yaJane E. James kuna John Taylor, Zvita 27, 1884; Tsamba yaJane E. James kuna Joseph F. Smith, Kukadzi 7, 1890; Tsamba yaJane E. James kuna Joseph F. Smith, Nyamavhuvhu 31, 1903.

  7. Tsamba yaAngus M. Cannon kuna Jane E. James, Chikumi 16, 1888; onawo Tonya Reiter, “Black Saviors on Mount Zion: Proxy Baptisms and Latter-day Saints of African Descent,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 43, no. 4 (Gumiguru 2017), 100–123.

  8. Jane Elizabeth Manning James autobiography, zvingangova 1902. Jane akataura rondedzero yeupenyu hwake mumwe achinyora pasi muSalt Lake City dzimwe nguva pakati pa1902 na1908; Ronald G. Coleman naDarius A. Gray, “Two Perspectives: The Religious Hopes of ‘Worthy’ African American Latter-day Saints before the 1978 Revelation,” muna Newell G. Bringhurst naDarron T. Smith, eds., Black and Mormon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 54. Onawo Quincy D. Newell, “The Autobiography and Interview of Jane Manning James,” Journal of Africana Religions, vol. 1, no. 2 (2013), 256, 275 (note 34).

  9. “Death of Jane Manning James,” Deseret News, Kubvumbi 16, 1908.