“Lao Fakafepaki ki he Mali Tokolahí,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
“Lao Fakafepaki ki he Mali Tokolahí”
Lao Fakafepaki ki he Mali Tokolahí
ʻI ha konifelenisi makehe ʻi ʻAokosi ʻo e 1852, ne fuofua tala fakahāhā ai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí ko ha tokolahi ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he Vahefonua ʻIutaá ne nau fakahoko ʻa e meʻa ne nau ui ko e nofomali tokolahí, ʻa ia ko e mali ʻa ha tangata ʻe toko taha ki ha kau fafine tokolahi ange he toko tahá, ne faʻa ui ko e mali tokolahí.1 Ne fakapapauʻi ʻe he fanongonongo fakapuleʻangá ha ngaahi talanoa ne sasala pea naʻá ne fakatupu ha ofo mo ha ʻita lahi ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau ʻAmelika tokolahi.
Ne kamata ngāue leva e kau politikí ke fakangata hono fakahoko ʻa e mali tokolahí. Ne fakakikihi ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí naʻe maluʻi ʻa e mali tokolahí ʻe he ʻUluaki Fakatonutonu ki he Konisitūtone ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻaki ʻene poupouʻi ʻa e faingamālie ki hono “fakahoko tauʻatāina” ʻo e tui fakalotú.2 Ne ueʻi ʻe he kau faiongoongo he nusipepá mo e kau faʻu talanoá ha fakakaukau fakafepaki ki he mali tokolahí ʻaki ha ngaahi talanoa faʻu ne fakalahiʻi fekauʻaki mo e kakai fefine Māmongá ne fakapōpulaʻi mo ngaohikovia.3
ʻI he 1856 ne tānaki atu ʻe he Paati Lepapuliká ki hono ngaahi kaveingá ʻa hono tāmateʻi ʻo e “ongo fakaʻilonga ʻo e anga fakapāpeliané,” ʻa e nofo pōpulá mo e mali tokolahí.4 Hili ha taʻu ʻe ono mei ai, ne fakapaasi ʻe he Fale Alea ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻa e Lao Fakaangaanga Mōlilí (Morrill Act) ki hono Taʻotaʻofi ʻo e Mali Tokolahí, ko ha lao ke tauteaʻi ʻa e nofomali tokolahí (naʻe ʻuhinga ʻeni ki he mali lolotonga ʻoku kei moʻui ha hoa-mali teʻeki ke vete mo ia) ʻaki ha tautea paʻanga mo e taʻu ʻe nima ʻi he fale fakapōpulá. Ka neongo iá, ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ne hoko maí ne femoʻuekina e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau ʻAmeliká ʻi he Tau Fakalotofonua ʻa ʻAmeliká, pea naʻe iku ai ʻo ʻikai fakamālohia e lao foʻoú. Naʻe hoko atu hono taukaveʻi ʻe he Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ʻa hono maumauʻi ʻe he ngaahi lao fakafepaki ki he mali tokolahí ʻenau totonu fakalotú.
ʻI he 1874, naʻe fakapaasi ʻe he Fale Alea ʻo ʻAmeliká ʻa e Lao Fakaangaanga Pōlaní (Poland Act) ʻa ia ne fakamālohia ange ai e Lao Fakaangaanga Mōlilí ʻaki hono foaki ki he kau fakamaau fakapuleʻangá ʻa e mafai ke nau faifakamaau ki he talatalaakiʻi ʻo e mali tokolahí ʻi ʻIutaá, pea ne fakangofua ai ki he kau fakamaau ko ʻení ke nau fili e kau sulá. ʻI he 1879, naʻe tokoniʻi ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluaki ʻo e Siasí ke ʻomi ʻa e hopo ʻa Siaosi Leinoló, ko e taha ʻo e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne mali tokolahí, ki he Fakamaauʻanga Lahi ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ke siviʻi ai e fakakonisitūtone ʻo e lao fakafepaki ki he mali tokolahí. Ne fakahā ʻe he Kāingalotu tokolahi ʻenau loto-falala ʻe pouaki ʻe he fakamaauʻangá ʻa e fakapapau ʻo e ʻUluaki Fakatonutonú ki hono fakahoko tauʻatāina ʻo e tui fakalotú. Ka naʻe fakafepakiʻi ʻe he fakamaauʻangá ʻa Leinolo, ʻo tala neongo naʻe maluʻi ʻe he ʻUluaki Fakatonutonú ʻa e tui fakalotú, ka naʻe ʻikai ke ne maluʻi ʻa e tōʻonga fakalotú.5
Ne tokolahi ʻa e Kāingalotu ʻo e Siasí ne nau talangataʻa ki he puleʻangá, ʻo nau taukaveʻi ko ʻenau fakahoko e mali tokolahí ko hanau muimui ia ki ha fekau mei he ʻOtuá. ʻI he ngaahi lao foʻoú, ne fakautuutu ange ai e fakafepaki mei he puleʻangá: ne tauteaʻi ʻe he Lao Fakaangaanga ʻEtimani ʻo e 1882 ʻa e nonofo taʻe fakalaó ʻaki ha tautea paʻanga pe fakahū pōpula ʻi he māhina ʻe ono, mo ha ngaahi meʻa kehe; pea naʻe fakalahi ʻe he Lao Fakaangaanga ʻEtimani-Taka ʻo e 1887 ʻa e ngaahi tautea ki he kakai ne nofomali tokolahí pea ki he Siasí foki, toʻo ʻa e totonu ke filí mei he kakai fefine ʻi ʻIutaá, pea faʻao mei he Siasí ʻa e ngaahi koloa ne fakamahuʻinga ke laka hake he $50,000.6
Ko e ʻOhofí
Lolotonga ʻa e 1880 tupú, naʻe fakalahi ʻe he kau polisi ʻi ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻenau ngaahi feinga ke fakamālohia ʻa e ngaahi lao fakafepaki ki he mali tokolahí. Ne angamaheni ʻaki hono ui ʻe he ngaahi fāmili ne tuli ʻe he kau maʻu mafai fakapuleʻangá ʻa e vahaʻataimi ko ʻeni ne longomoʻui ai e fakamālohí “ko e ʻohofí” pea ne nau maʻu ha hūfangaʻanga ʻi “lolofonua,” ʻa ia ko ha kulupu ne nau fokotuʻu fakapulipuli ha ʻū fale maluʻanga ke tokoniʻi kinautolu naʻe kumi ʻe he laó ke nau hao ai mei he puke pōpulá.
Ne fakatupu ʻe he ʻohofí ha moveuveu lahi ki he ngaahi fāmili ne fakahoko e mali tokolahí pea mo e tukui kolo ʻi ʻIutaá. Ne tokolahi ʻa e ngaahi husepāniti naʻe tuku pōpula pe fakamālohiʻi ke nofo mavahe, ʻa ia ne tuku ai honau ngaahi uaifí mo ʻenau fānaú ke nau tauhi ʻa e ngoué mo e ngaahi pisinisí. Naʻe kamata ke tōlalo fakaʻekonōmika ʻa e kotoa ʻo e vahefonuá. Naʻe pau ke nofo mavahe e ngaahi uaifi tokolahi foʻoú mei honau ngaahi husepānití, he ko e toko siʻi pē naʻa nau ʻilo ki heʻenau ngaahi mali ʻikai fakahāhā holó. Naʻe faʻa fili e kakai fefine feitamá ke nau toitoi, ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu liʻaki he taimi ʻe niʻihi, ke ʻoua te nau fakamoʻoni ʻi he fakamaauʻangá fekauʻaki mo honau ngaahi husepānití. Naʻe nofo tailiili e fānaú ʻe movete honau ngaahi fāmilí pe ʻe fakamālohiʻi kinautolu ke nau fakamoʻoni kau ki heʻenau mātuʻá. Naʻe toitoi e fānau ʻe niʻihi pea nau fakaʻaongaʻi ha ngaahi hingoa loi. Ko ha niʻihi ne nau nofo ʻo lau māhina mo e ʻikai ke nau sio ki heʻenau mātuʻá pe kāingá. Naʻe hiki ha ngaahi fāmili ki Kānata pe Mekisikou ke nau nofo fakataha.7
Naʻe fakafihiʻi foki ʻe he ʻohofí ʻa hono puleʻi ʻo e Siasí. Mei he 1885 ki he 1889, naʻe tokolahi ʻa e kau ʻAposetolo, kau palesiteni fakasiteiki mo e kau taki kehe ʻo e Siasí ne nau toitoi pe naʻe ʻi he fale fakapōpulá, pea naʻe fakangatangata ʻa hono puleʻi ʻo e ngaahi tafaʻaki lahi ʻo e Siasí. Ne ola lelei ʻa e Fanongonongo Fakamafaiʻi ne tukuange mai ʻe Uilifooti Utalafi ʻi he 1890, he naʻe fakangata ai e ngaahi faingataʻa ko ʻení pea naʻe iku pē ʻo fakangata ai mo e mali tokolahí.8
Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Mali Tokolahí ʻi ʻIutā, Ngaahi Faʻunga Fakalao mo Fakapolitikale ʻo ʻAmeliká