Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí
Ko e Fakakaukau ki he Moʻui Kimuʻa ʻa e Meʻa Moʻuí

“Ko e Fakakaukau ki he Moʻui Kimuʻa ʻa e Meʻa Moʻuí,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí (2022)

“Ko e Fakakaukau ki he Moʻui Kimuʻa ʻa e Meʻa Moʻuí,” Ngaahi Tefito ʻi he Hisitōlia ʻo e Siasí

Ko e Fakakaukau ki he Moʻui Kimuʻa ʻa e Meʻa Moʻuí

ʻOku mahino ko e saienisi fakaeonopooni ki he moʻui kimuʻá ko ha ngāue ia ʻa Sālesi Tāuini mo Kuleka Menitela ʻi he vaeuaʻanga-mālie ʻo e 1800.1 Ne fakatefito ia ʻe Tāuini mei heʻene ako ki he faʻahinga kehekehe ʻo e monumanú, ʻo ne fakatokangaʻi ai ʻoku kaunga lelei ange e ʻātakaí ki ha niʻihi fakafoʻituitui mei ha niʻihi kehe. ʻOku ʻi ai ha ngaahi meʻa moʻui ʻoku nau maʻu ha ngaahi meʻa pau ʻoku kau lelei ia ki heʻenau moʻuí mo fakatolonga ai honau hakó ʻo laulaui toʻu tangata. Naʻá ne pehē ʻe hili ha ngaahi toʻu tangata lahi, ʻe hoko e founga ko ʻeni ko e “filifiliʻi fakanatula” ʻo toe ʻomi ha faʻahinga meʻa moʻui foʻou.2 ʻI he taimi tatau, ne siofi ʻe Menitela e kehekehe e tupu ʻa e ʻakaú, ʻo ne pehē ʻoku makatuʻuga ʻeni mei honau tupuʻangá.

Ne lauitaʻu hono tālangaʻi ʻe he kau saienisí e fakakaukau ko ʻeni ʻa Tāuini mo Menitelá, pea faingataʻaʻia e kakai lotú he ngaahi fakakaukau ki he moʻui kimuʻa ʻa e meʻa moʻuí ki he tupuʻanga e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, ko hono Fakatupu ʻo e māmaní, mo e fakamatala ko ia ʻa e folofolá.3 ʻI he konga kimuʻa ʻo e senituli 20, ne lahi e fepakipakí makatuʻunga mei he fakakaukau “faka-Tāuiní,” pe fakamatala ʻa Tāuini ki hono filiʻi fakanatula ha meʻa makatuʻunga ʻi he feliliuaki tavalé. Ne kehekehe mo e fakakaukau ʻa e kau ako fakalotú ki he ngaahi fakatotolo ʻa e kau saienisí pe ʻokú ne fakamoʻoniʻi e mālohi fai fakatupu ʻa e ʻOtuá pe ʻokú ne fakaʻikaiʻi ʻe ia Hono fatongia ʻi he Fakatupú.4

Ne ʻikai ke kau e kau taki ʻo e Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisi ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní ki ha tafaʻaki ʻi he foʻi fakakaukau ko ʻeni ki he moʻui kimuʻa ʻa e meʻa moʻuí, ka naʻa nau fakamaʻalaʻala e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e Siasí fekauʻaki mo e tupuʻanga ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. ʻI he 1909, naʻe pulusi ʻe Palesiteni Siosefa F. Sāmita mo hono ongo tokoni ʻi he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ha fanongonongo fakamafaiʻi ne fakahingoa ko e “The Origin of Man.” Ne hiki ia ʻe ʻEletā ʻOasoni F. Uitenī, ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻe he fanongonongó hotau natula fakalangí he ko e fānau kitautolu ʻa e ʻOtuá.5 ʻI he taʻu hono hokó ne faleʻi ai ʻe Palesiteni Sāmita e kau taki ʻo e Siasí ke ʻoua naʻa nau “lea ʻo kau ki hono lahi e moʻoni ʻo e moʻui kimuʻa ʻa e meʻa moʻuí, pe ko e lahi ʻo ʻene halá.”6

ʻĪmisi
Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻi he 1909

Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ʻi he 1909.

ʻI he 1925 ne hopo ai ha faiako he ako māʻolungá he tafaʻaki fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ko Sione Sokoupi, ko ʻene akoʻi e tupuʻaga ʻo e meʻa moʻuí ʻo maumauʻi ai e lao fakafonua ʻa Tenesií ʻoku tapui ai hano akoʻi ha “faʻahinga fakakaukau ʻokú ne fakaʻikaiʻi e talanoa ki hono Fakatupu Fakalangi ʻo e tangatá ʻo hangē ko hono akoʻi ʻe he Tohi Tapú.”7 Lolotonga e lele ʻa e hopo ko ʻení, ne mafola ʻo lahi ange e tokanga ki he meʻa ko ia ʻoku tālangaʻi he falehopó ki he fakaʻuhinga fakasaieisí mo e fakaʻuhiga ʻa e folofolá, ʻo fakalalahi ai hono aleaʻi e fakamatala ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he tupuʻanga e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá.8

ʻI he fakalalahi e tokanga fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ki he hopo ne fakahokó, ne lahi ha ngaahi nusipepa ʻiloa ne nau ʻeke ki he kau taki ʻo e Siasí e tuʻunga ʻoku kau ki ai e Siasí fekauʻaki mo e moʻui kimuʻá. ʻI he 1925 ne tuku mai ai ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ha fakamatala nounou ko e “The Origin of Man” ʻo fakapapauʻi mai ai, “Ko e kakai tangata mo fafine kotoa pē ʻoku nau ʻi he tatau ʻo ha Tamai mo ha Faʻē fakaemāmani lahi, pea ko e ngaahi foha mo e ngaahi ʻofefine totonu ʻo ha ʻOtua.” ʻOku fakamoʻoniʻi fakatouʻosi ʻe he fakamatala ko ʻení e tokāteline ki hono fakalangi e tangatá, ʻo hangē ko hono poupouʻi ia ʻe he folofola ʻo onoʻahó mo onopōní, ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi e foʻi lea ko e “fakalakalaka” ʻi ha tuʻunga lelei, ʻo tuhu kimuʻa ki he “ngaahi ʻaho mo e kuonga” ʻo ʻitānití ʻa ia ʻoku hokohoko atu ai e moʻui ʻa e tangatá ʻo fakalakalaka hake ki ha tuʻunga te nau hoko ai ko ha ngaahi ʻotua.9

Ne hoko e hopo ʻa Sokoupí ke ne fakalalahi e tō kehekehe ʻa e kakai Kalisitiane ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he fehuʻi fekauʻaki mo e tupuʻanga e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá. Ne tui e kau Kalisitiane ʻo “Onopōní” ki he ngaahi fakaʻuhinga mo e ʻilo fakasaienisí mo tali lelei e ngaahi fakaʻuhinga kehekehe fakatohitapú. Ko e kau Kalisitiane ko ia ʻoku nau fakafepakiʻi e fakakaukau fakaeonopōní, ne faʻa ui kinautolu ko e “kau fai mateakí,” ʻo nau tala ʻoku fie ʻotua e fakakaukau ko ia ki he tupu ʻa e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá mei ha faʻahinga meʻa moʻui kehe.10 Ne fakatokangaʻi ʻe he Kāingalotú mo e kau takí ʻoku nau kau ʻi he ongo tafaʻaki fakatouʻosi ko ʻeni ʻo e palopalemá. Naʻe pehē ʻe Sēmisi E. Talamesi mo Sione A. Uitisou, ko ha ongo saienisi fakapalōfesinale ne hoko ko ha ongo ʻAposetolo, ko e ngaahi moʻoniʻi meʻa fakasaienisí ko hano fakamoʻoniʻi ia hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ʻOtuá e lao fakanatulá ki hono puleʻi ʻo e ʻunivēsí.11 Naʻe tui e ʻAposetolo mo e Palesiteni he kahaʻú ko Siosefa Filitingi Sāmitá ne ʻikai ke fakahā mai ʻe he fakamatala ʻa e Tohi Tapú ki he Fakatupú naʻe fiemaʻu ha taimi lōloa feʻunga ki hono fakatokolahi e ngaahi meʻa moʻuí.12 Ne kole ʻe Palesiteni Hiipa J. Kalanite mo hono ongo tokoni ʻi he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ki he kau takí ke ʻoua naʻa nau kau ki ha tafaʻaki, ʻo kole ʻi he 1931 ke nau “tuku e Siolokí, Paiolosií, ʻAkiolosiá mo e ʻEnitolopolosií, ki he kau fakatotolo fakasaienisí, he ʻoku ʻikai haʻanau kaunga ki hono fakamoʻui e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, ka tau fakahaohaoaʻi pē hotau uiuiʻi ʻi he puleʻanga ʻo e Siasí.”13

ʻI he fakalau atu ʻa e taimí, ne kehekehe pē e anga e vakai ʻa e Kāingalotu faivelengá ki he tefito ʻo e moʻui kimuʻá.14 Ne kei taukaveʻi pē ʻe Siosefa Filitingi Sāmita ʻi heʻene ngaahi tohí ʻa e kei falalaʻanga ange pē ʻa e folofolá ko ha fakahinohino ia ki he taimi ʻo e Fakatupú. Ne tali lelei ʻe Henelī ʻAealingi ko ha saienisi mataotao mo ha mēmipa ʻo e poate lahi e Lautohi Faka-Sāpaté, e moʻoni ki he feliliuaki he fakakaukau ki he moʻui kimuʻá mo fakamamafaʻi mai e ngaahi akonaki ʻa Pilikihami ʻIongí, ʻa ia naʻá ne akoʻi ʻoku maʻu e moʻoni kotoa pē ʻi he ongoongoleleí, fakasaienisi mo ha toe meʻa pē.15 ʻI he 1965 ne ngāue fakataha e Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí ko Tēvita ʻO. Makei mo Petuleni F. Heulisoni, ko ha palōfesa ʻi he ʻUivēsiti Pilikihami ʻIongí ki he ʻakaú, ke fokotuʻu ha mahino lahi ange ki he Kāingalotu ʻoku kehekehe ʻenau fakakaukau ki he moʻui kimuʻá.16

ʻI he konga kimui ʻo e senituli 20, ne fakalahi atu ʻe he ngaahi akoʻanga ʻa e Siasí e ngaahi kalasi ki he lēsoni saienisí. Ne tali ʻi he 1992 ʻe he Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí mo e poate talāsiti ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti Pilikihami ʻIongí ha naunau laukonga ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi kalasi saienisí ʻoku maʻu ai e fakamatala fakaʻofisiale ʻo e 1909 mo e 1925 mei he kau mēmipa ʻo e Kau Palesitenisī ʻUluakí ki hono fakaʻaongaʻi lelei ʻo e moʻoni fakasaienisí.17 Naʻe kau foki ʻi he naunau ko ʻení ha pulusinga mei he 1992 ʻo e The Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ne fakangofua ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí, ʻoku hā ai “hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe he folofolá e ʻuhinga ne fakatupu ai e tangatá, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ne fakahā mai hono foungá.”18 Ne pulusi ʻe he makasini e toʻu tupu ʻo e Siasí ʻi he 2016, ha ngaahi fakamatala ki hono ako e ngaahi moʻoni fakasaienisí. Ne toe fakamoʻoniʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakamatalá ni “ʻoku ʻikai ke kau e Siasí ki ha tafaʻaki ʻo e foʻi fakakaukau ki he moʻui kimuʻá” mo fakahaaʻi ko ha “meʻa ia ki he ako fakasaienisí.” Ne toe fakapapauʻi mai ʻe he ngaahi fakamatalá ʻa e fakamatala taʻe-faʻa-laua ne fai ʻe he kau taki ʻo e Siasí, ki he fatongia ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi he fakatupú mo hotau vā fetuʻutaki mo ʻetau Tamai Hēvaní ko ʻEne fānau.19

Ngaahi Tefito Fekauʻakí: Joseph F. Smith, Heber J. Grant, B. H. Roberts, John and Leah Widtsoe

  1. Martinez Hewlett, “Evolution: The Controversy with Creationism,” ʻi he Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed., 14 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 2005), 5:2908–9; Phillip Sloan, “Darwin: From Origin of Species to Descent of Man,” ʻi he Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2019 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/origin-descent.

  2. Sloan, “Darwin.” Neongo ko e fakakaukau ki he ngaahi feliliuaki fakanatula ʻi he ngaahi meʻa moʻuí ne ʻosi ʻomi pē ia ʻe he kau filōsefa he kuonga muʻá, ka naʻe pehē ʻe Tāuini ko e feliliuaki tavale ko ia e tupuʻanga ʻo ha faʻahinga meʻa moʻuí ʻe lava ke toe tupu mei ai ha faʻahinga meʻa moʻui foʻou mo toe lelei ange. Vakai, Phillip Sloan, “Evolutionary Thought before Darwin,” ʻi he Edward N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2019 ed., https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-before-darwin.

  3. Robert C. Fuller, “Religious Responses to Modern Science, 1865–1945,” chapter 24 in Stephen J. Stein, ed., The Cambridge History of Religions in America, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 2:523–44; see also Ronald L. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998).

  4. Fuller, “Religious Responses,” 2:526–28.

  5. Joseph F. Smith, John R. Winder, and Anthon H. Lund, “The Origin of Man,” Improvement Era, vol. 8, no. 1 (Nov. 1909), 75–81; “What Does the Church Believe about Evolution?,” New Era, Oct. 2016, https://churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/10/to-the-point/what-does-the-church-believe-about-evolution.

  6. Joseph F. Smith, “Philosophy and the Church Schools,” The Juvenile Instructor, vol. 46, no. 4 (Apr. 1911), 208–9.

  7. Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, 77–78.

  8. Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997); Stefaan Blancke, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev, and Peter C. Kjærgaard, eds., Creationism in Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 3, 9–13, 229; Numbers, Darwinism Comes to America, 4–23, 88; Fuller, “Religious Responses,” 2:541–43.

  9. “‘Mormon’ View of Evolution,” Deseret News, July 18, 1925, section 3, 5; vakai foki, T. Benjamin Spackman, “The 1909 and 1925 First Presidency Statements in Historical and Scientific Contexts,” BYU Studies Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 2 (2022).

  10. George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 3–4, 234.

  11. James E. Talmage, The Articles of Faith: A Series of Lectures on the Principal Doctrines of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1899), 3, 30–34; John A. Widtsoe, Joseph Smith as Scientist: A Contribution to Mormon Philosophy (Salt Lake City: Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Associations General Board, 1908), 1–2, 103–14; John A. Widtsoe, “Evidences and Reconciliations: To What Extent Should the Doctrine of Evolution Be Accepted?,” Improvement Era, vol. 42, no. 7 (Jul. 1939), 417, 444–45, 447.

  12. Erich Robert Paul, Science, Religion, and Mormon Cosmology (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 179; vakai foki, Joseph Fielding Smith, “Faith Leads to a Fulness of Truth and Righteousness,” The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine, vol. 21, no. 4 (Oct. 1930), 145–158; Joseph Fielding Smith, Man: His Origin and Destiny (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954).

  13. First Presidency, Memorandum to the Council of the Twelve, First Council of the Seventy, and Presiding Bishopric, 5 April 1931, Document C, in William E. Evenson and Duane E. Jeffery, Mormonism and Evolution: The Authoritative LDS Statements (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2005), 54–67.

  14. Compare Paul R. Green, comp., Science and Your Faith in God: A Selected Compilation of Writings and Talks by Prominent Latter-day Saints Scientists on the Subjects of Science and Religion (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1958); Marion G. Romney, in Conference Report, Apr. 1959, 10; Marion G. Romney, “Records of Great Worth,” Ensign, Sept. 1980, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1980/09/records-of-great-worth; Russell M. Nelson, “The Magnificence of Man” (Brigham Young University devotional, Mar. 29, 1987), https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/russell-m-nelson/magnificence-man; William S. Bradshaw, Andrea J. Phillips, Seth M. Bybee, Richard A. Gill, Steven L. Peck, and Jamie L. Jensen, “A Longitudinal Study of Attitudes toward Evolution among Undergraduates Who Are Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 11 (Nov. 7, 2018), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6221276.

  15. Vakai, Henry J. Eyring, Mormon Scientist: The Life and Faith of Henry Eyring (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2007), 60–70; Henry Eyring, The Faith of a Scientist (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1967); Joseph Fielding Smith, Man: His Origin and Destiny; Joseph Fielding Smith, “Evolution,” vahe 9 ʻi he Doctrines of Salvation: Sermons and Writings of Joseph Fielding Smith, 3 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1954), 1:139–51. Vakai foki, “The Gospel Defined,” vahe 2 ʻi he Ngaahi Akonaki ʻa e Kau Palesiteni ʻo e Siasí: Pilikihami ʻIongi, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-brigham-young/chapter-2.

  16. Bertrand F. Harrison, “The Relatedness of Living Things,” The Instructor, Jul. 1965, 272–76, https://archive.org/details/instructor1007dese/page/n17/mode/2up.

  17. William E. Evenson, “Evolution Packet Defined,” The Daily Universe, Nov. 12, 1992, 3, in Evolution Packet, Collection on Brigham Young University Evolution Packet, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.

  18. William E. Evenson, “Evolution,” ʻi he Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., The Encyclopedia of Mormonism (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 478.

  19. Alicia K. Stanton, “Science and Our Search for Truth,” New Era, July 2016, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/07/science-and-our-search-for-truth; “What Does the Church Believe about Evolution?,” New Era, Oct. 2016, https://churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/2016/10/to-the-point/what-does-the-church-believe-about-evolution.